Marine algae-derived bioactive compounds for the prevention and management of diabetes and Its complications

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus is one of the most important global health problems of the 21st century. As of 2021, it affected more than 537 million adults globally, and by 2045, that figure is expected to rise to more than 783 million. Diabetes is a long-term condition that causes serious problems such nephropathy, neuropathy, retinopathy, and cardiovascular disease. These problems place significant strain on healthcare systems and substantially diminish overall quality of life. While traditional drug treatments have made it easier to control blood sugar levels, they often come with side effects, high prices, and poor success in preventing long-term problems. This has sparked a lot of research into other and supplementary treatment options, especially those that come from natural sources. Marine algae, including macroalgae (seaweeds) and microalgae, have been identified as interesting sources of bioactive chemicals with potential antidiabetic effects. These photosynthetic organisms produce a wide range of unique metabolites, such as sulfated polysaccharides, phlorotannins, carotenoids, bioactive peptides, and polyunsaturated fatty acids, that are not commonly seen in plants that grow on land. The biochemical uniqueness of algae chemicals indicates their adaptability to the marine environment and implies innovative mechanisms of action that may augment or improve current diabetic treatments. This thorough critical review examines algal bioactive chemicals and their use to help prevent and treat diabetes. By conducting a thorough study of more than 100 research articles, including in vitro experiments, animal models, and clinical trials, the scientific evidence that supports the antidiabetic properties of different algal species and their individual components is systematically evaluated. The proposed mechanisms of action are critically analyzed including enzyme inhibition, insulin sensitization, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, and alteration of gut microbiota. Evidence regarding the potential of algal-derived compounds to help with diabetes complications affecting multiple organ systems is also examined. The analysis reveals substantial preclinical evidence supporting the hypoglycemic and organ- protective attributes of algal bioactives, particularly from brown macroalgae such as Laminaria, Ecklonia, and Sargassum species, in addition to the prokaryotic microalga Spirulina. There are important gaps in the literature, though. These include not enough clinical validation, not enough standardization of extracts, not enough bioavailability of important chemicals, and not enough safety data. This study provides a comprehensive and critical evaluation of the potential and limitations of algal bioactives as therapeutic agents, accompanied by evidence-based recommendations for future research directions that could improve clinical use.