Side effects of GLP-1-based weight loss therapies

Abstract

Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1) has arisen as a groundbreaking pharmacological weight management treatment, demonstrating remarkable effectiveness in reducing body weight in individuals who are considered obese with or without type 2 diabetes mellitus. Despite their clinical advantages, GLP-1 RAs (GLP-1 Receptor Agonists) are frequently associated with gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms, including nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation, and dyspepsia. These adverse effects are usually dose-dependent and occur frequently during the initial stage of therapy, often dropping with continued use. However, in some instances, these symptoms may persist or worsen, leading to discontinuation. Additional concerns include frequent yet significant complications such as pancreatitis and gastroparesis. Emerging reports highlight the necessity of evaluating pre-existing GI conditions, implementing gradual dose titration, providing patient education, and dietary modification to improve tolerability. A comprehensive strategy that involves diligent monitoring, tailored dose modifications, and supportive management of symptoms. This critical review examines the role of GLP-1 RAs in weight-loss therapy, addressing pharmacology and pharmacodynamics, and strategies to minimize adverse events while improving patient outcomes.