Examining the role of carotenoids and retinoids in modulating cellular response to oxidative stress: an evidence-based approach

Abstract

Oxidative stress, resulting from an imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and antioxidant defense systems, plays a critical role in cellular damage and the progression of diseases such as neurodegeneration, cardiovascular disorders and cancer. Carotenoids and retinoids, naturally occurring compounds with potent antioxidant properties, modulate oxidative stress by scavenging free radicals, preventing lipid peroxidation and regulating gene expression. This review explores the bioavailability, metabolism and molecular mechanisms of carotenoids, including β-carotene, lutein, and lycopene. Additionally, it investigates the influence of retinoic acid on gene regulation through retinoic acid receptors (RARs) and retinoid X receptors (RXRs), emphasizing their impact on cellular differentiation, apoptosis and oxidative defense. The therapeutic potential of carotenoids in neurodegenerative disorders, cardiovascular health and cancer treatment is discussed. The review concludes that while carotenoids and retinoids offer significant protective benefits against oxidative stress, their clinical application requires careful consideration of bioavailability, dosage and individual genetic variations to maximize therapeutic outcomes.