Exploring the lifelong impact of significant outdoor life experiences: retrospective methods, theoretical frameworks, and professional trajectories in outdoor learning

Abstract

This dissertation examines the impact of early outdoor experiences on the careers and lives of outdoor professionals, employing retrospective research methods. While prior studies in Outdoor Learning (OL) have focused on program delivery and group development, recent trends emphasize secondary outcomes, such as social integration, life development, and well-being benefits, that have lasting effects. Despite some promising findings, the research on lasting outdoor outcomes is still in its early stages and is limited by a lack of studies and methodological constraints. This study aims to address three research questions to advance this field of research: (1) What are the current methodologies and suggested best practices for conducting retrospective research in outdoor learning? (2) What are the prominent theoretical frameworks supporting retrospective research in OL? (3) What are the characteristics of early life outdoor experiences that led to lasting outcomes and motivate the life trajectories of outdoor professionals? A retrospective scoping review and a theoretical framework narrative analysis preceded an empirical study that included a questionnaire and focus groups to answer research question three. The scoping review and narrative analysis revealed a significant gap in the literature, with most studies emphasizing short-term program evaluations rather than long-term or holistic outcomes of OL. These findings underscore the need for empirical, retrospective research employing mixed methods to capture the lasting impacts of outdoor experiences more effectively. When situated within the frameworks of Significant Outdoor Life Experiences (SOLE) and Life Course Theory (LCT), such an approach offers a promising means of identifying self-reported outcomes related to identity, career development, and well-being. Results from the scoping review affirmed the relevance of the SOLE framework for capturing the lasting impact of early outdoor experiences on subjects’ identity, well-being, and life trajectories. Qualitative findings revealed that SOLEs fostered professional development, personal growth, and holistic health, with many subjects identifying them as transformative or trajectory-altering moments. Key predictors of long-term impact included experience, duration, and alignment with personal values, social connection, and identity formation.